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The Act of Congress providing for the appointment of a commission to the Five Civilized Tribes was the most important law enacted by Congress, looking toward the abolishment of the tribal governments and the settlement of their vast estates. The law was passed on March 3, 1893, and provided that the President should appoint three commissioners to enter into negotiations with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muskogee (Creek) and Seminole nations, for the purpose of extinguishment of the tribal . title to the lands of Indian Territory, either by the cession of the same or some part thereof to the United … Read more

A Sketch Of Their Beneficent Work Among The Indians The first schools for the education of the Five Civilized Tribes were established in Georgia and Tennessee about the beginning of the last century by Moravian, Presbyterian and Baptist missionaries. Religious teaching received rather more emphasis than academic instruction, and although these schools furnished free tuition, the Indians did not manifest any great amount of interest in them, and for many years the attendance was but slight. But by patient, earnest, persistent efforts, the work of the various missions was crowned with success. The Moravians were the first to undertake this … Read more

For many years prior to 1889 the United States District Court located at Fort Smith, Ark., had jurisdiction over the Indian Territory in cases where white men (non-citizens) were parties, both in civil and criminal cases, but it proved to be very unsatisfactory on account of the distance which litigants and witnesses were compelled to travel. Indians found it to be very burdensome and annoying to have to travel overland 100 miles and be detained at Fort Smith for several days awaiting trial of the cases in which they were interested. As a result of this inconvenience many crimes went … Read more

In many respects, Fort Gibson, located seven miles east of Muskogee, is the most interesting place, from an historic standpoint, in the State of Oklahoma. In 1824, before the Cherokees and Creeks, with the possible exception of a few wandering bands, had been compelled to abandon their Eastern homes and take up their abode in this unknown and uninhabited country, the United States Government sent Matthew Arbuckle, colonel of the Seventh Regiment, United States Infantry, with a battalion of soldiers, to establish a frontier outpost, for the purpose of suppressing the Indian wars and insurrections of the uncivilized tribes that … Read more

     For many years, various Federal officials urged the five tribes to agree to the establishment of a Territorial Council to be composed of delegates from each tribe empowered to enact legislation of a general character for the whole territory. The several tribes were inclined to regard the proposition with suspicion, apparently fearing that it might result in their losing some of their tribal rights and authority, or that it might be an attempt upon the part of the Government to cajole them into an agreement to abolish their tribal governments. The various tribes were finally induced to try the … Read more

One of the events which, was the outgrowth of the jealous feeling between the Ft. Smith deputy U. S. marshals and the tribal officials occurred in 1871 and was thereafter known as “The Tragedy of Going Snake.” A bad Indian by the name of Zeke Proctor had become incensed at a white man who was running a little corn mill east of Tahlequah, near the Arkansas state line and decided to kill him. Proctor went to the mill where he found the white man in company with his Indian wife who was a distant relative of Proctor. A brief quarrel … Read more

Soon after the Dawes Commission began the immense task of allotting to each individual Indian his proportionate share of tribal lands, the cry was raised that the Territory was being overrun with an army of land-sharks who would use every effort and device to rob the Indian of his land. For many months “The Grafter” was the favorite theme for the sensational news correspondent, until many good people especially throughout the North and East, were led to believe that the great body of white men who had emigrated to the Territory, were organized for the purpose of defrauding the natives … Read more

The history of the Civil war furnishes no darker page than that which records the suffering and privations of those Indians who, opposing any treaty with the Southern Confederacy, and proclaiming their loyalty to the United States Government, were compelled to leave their homes and seek protection in the North during the cold winter of 1861-62, inasmuch as the Government had failed to furnish them with adequate protection in their homes. It has been deemed advisable to let eye-witnesses tell the story. George W. Collamore was appointed as a special agent by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to visit Southern … Read more

Mr. J. Harlan, who was United States Indian agent for the Cherokee during the Civil war gives the following account of his stewardship on August 1, 1865 “I was appointed United States Indian agent for the Cherokee on September 19, 186-2, and since that time I have been almost constantly with them. Living most of the time at Fort Gibson, guarded by three regiments of Indians, and in the Indian country where the loyal refugee Indians came for protection, I had many opportunities of seeing and hearing what their wants were. There were about twenty-two thousand Cherokee at the beginning … Read more

The impartial. student of history, in reviewing the events of 1860-1861, cannot fail to be impressed with the fact that the United States authorities were guilty of nothing less than gross neglect, supineness and ignorance in their treatment of the Indians at the beginning of the Civil war. The Indians were Southerners by birth, by ancestry, by education, by environment. Many of them were slave-holders and large amounts of their trust funds were invested in southern securities. These facts were well known by the Federal Government and should have prompted it to redouble its efforts to preserve the loyalty of … Read more

By Mrs. Mabel W. Anderson “Looking backward down the corridor of time through the dim vista of more than half a century of departed years I see again the warlike spirit of the southern Cherokee, from the years of 1861 to 1865. I hear again the blast of Dutch Billy’s bugle. I see the muster, the march and the encounter. I see the brave and fearless Gen. Stand Watie, as colonel of the famous first Cherokee cavalry as he directs and leads his victorious charge at Pea Ridge, Ark. I see Col. William Penn Adair with his long flowing black … Read more

That body of land formerly designated Indian Territory is located but a few miles south of the geographical center of the United States. It was a part of the Louisiana purchase by which the United States in 1804 acquired from France about nine hundred thousand square miles of land adjoining the Mississippi River on the west, for the sum of $15,000,000, or slightly more than two and one-half cents per acre. This region was practically unknown at that time to the people of the United States and many New England citizens regarded it as a doubtful bargain. The Mississippi River … Read more

“Philadelphia, Pa., 708 Washington Place,April 2, 1863.“Sir:      In addressing you on the present occasion, I have the honor to state, I have been advised that a special session of the national council of the Cherokee Nation was convened at Cow-Skin Prairie in February last, and the following bills were passed: “1st. Abrogating the ‘treaty with the Confederate states,’ and calling a general convention of the people to approve the act. “2nd. The appointment of a delegation, with suitable powers and instructions to represent the Cherokee Nation before the United States Government, consisting of John Ross, principal chief, Lieut. Col. … Read more

While the Cherokee have retained their distinctive features as an Indian tribe, yet .they have been more liberal than any other tribe in the matter of welcoming outsiders to their midst. They have admitted many Indians of other tribes and more white men than any other tribe to the rolls of their citizenship. Among their families may be traced the blood of the Delaware, Choctaws, Creeks, Shawnees and other Indians, as well as that of the English, Scotch, Irish, German, Swede and American. While it is claimed by some ethnologists that such a mixture of the blood of many nationalities … Read more

As an example of the earnest appeals which were repeatedly made by Confederate emissaries to the various Indian tribes to maintain the allegiance with the South the following address is quoted, copies of which were sent by special messengers to all the tribes mentioned. The author of the address, Mr. S. S. Scott, was appointed by Jefferson Davis as a special commissioner to the Indian tribes: “Confederate States of America,“War Department, Bureau of Indian Affairs,“Richmond, Va., December 26, 1862.“To the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and All Other Indian Nations and Tribes Friendly to the Confederate States:“My Friends:I have just … Read more

When it was decreed, in 1838, that the Cherokees should abandon their eastern homes and emigrate to the Indian Territory, about two thousand of them refused to go, and in order to escape from the soldiers who were rounding up the emigrants, they fled to the hills of Tennessee, Georgia and North Carolina. Their reservation was gone but they were permitted to remain in the East upon condition that they settle down and become citizens of the United States. A few years later, a Federal agent by the name of William H. Thomas, conceived the idea of securing a tract … Read more

Quite a spirited and protracted controversy arose over the matter of paying the expenses of the removal of the Cherokees to their new western home. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock was then in charge of military matters in Georgia and he was authorized to employ one or more competent persons to transport the Indians. Numerous persons applied for the contract, making bids ranging from $30 to $75 per head. Many Cherokees seemed to prefer that the contract be awarded to their chief, John Ross, and after quite an extended correspondence upon the subject, General Hancock, on August 2, 1838, entered into … Read more

“Taxation Without Representation,” Final Abolishment in 1906 For many years prior to the passage of the Curtis Act, each Indian Tribe or Nation had enacted laws levying a tax (commonly called an occupation tax) upon every person not a member of the Tribe (non-citizen) who desired to transact business of any kind, within the Indian Territory. The first white settlers seem to have paid this tax willingly, at least without much protest. They could well afford to pay it, for in many instances, they practically had a monopoly of the business in which they engaged, and this was the only … Read more

The Cherokee Nation has made more progress in education, has educated a greater proportion of its members, male and female, than any other Indian tribe, not excepting the tribes whose educational institutions, have, from their beginning, been controlled and managed by the Federal Government. As early as 1819, while they were still in possession of their Georgian homes, the Cherokees, influenced and encouraged, doubtless, by the devoted missionaries who had located among them, began to make provision for the education of their children, by creating a permanent school fund out of a portion of the proceeds of their lands, which … Read more

After most of the Cherokee had emigrated to Indian Territory the bitter contest between the Ross faction and the Ridge faction continued and at one time the Committee on Indian Affairs of the lower house of Congress made the following report and recommendation: “The Committee on Indian Affairs, to whom were referred the message of the President of the United States, relative to Cherokee difficulties, with the accompanying papers, and also the memorial of John Ross and others, as the representatives of the Cherokee Nation, have had the same under consideration, and beg leave to submit the following report:  “The … Read more

Stand Watie’s soldiers were busily engaged in scouting, dodging here and there, annoying and threatening the loyal Indians, while the Federal forces who had retaken Fort Gibson seemed inclined to remain near the fort where a large number of Creek and Cherokee refugees had assembled for protection. On June 30, 1862, a detachment of Stand Watie’s army attacked a provision train of 300 wagons which was on its way from Fort Scott to Fort Gibson with supplies for the soldiers and refugees in that beleaguered fort. The provision train was guarded by an escort of 2,000 soldiers. Major Foreman, commanding … Read more

After eight years of negotiation and persuasion, the commission to the Five Civilized Tribes finally succeeded in effecting an agreement with the Creek Nation, providing for the allotment in severalty of Creek lands, which agreement was approved by Act of Congress March 1, 1901, and ratified by the Creek Council at Okmulgee June 25, 1901. On the same date (March 1, 1901) Congress approved an agreement of a similar character which the commission had concluded with the authorities of the Cherokee Nation, but at a popular election called by the Cherokee Council this agreement was rejected by a vote of … Read more

Confederate States Commissioner’s Address To IndiansAn Indian Agent’s ReportAnother Agent’s StatementGeneral Stand WatieThe Fort Gibson National Cemetery Indian Refugees Of The Civil War The Suffering And Privations Of Loyal IndiansCollamore’s ReportSuperintendent Coffin’s ReportLetter Of Chief John RossCoffin Scores The MilitaryStand Watie ‘S Activities The history of the Civil war furnishes no darker page than that which records the suffering and privations of those Indians who, opposing any treaty with the Southern Confederacy, and proclaiming their loyalty to the United States Government, were compelled to leave their homes and seek protection in the North during the cold winter of 1861-62, inasmuch … Read more